Hollow fiber membranes have emerged/are gaining traction/present a novel as an essential component in numerous industrial processes. Their unique structure, characterized by a continuous fiber/tubular/walled configuration with a porous membrane layer, allows for/facilitates/enables efficient separation and filtration of diverse substances. This rev

Hollow fiber membranes stand out as a versatile and effective technology for water treatment applications. These ultra-fine fibers offer a large interfacial region for filtration, facilitating the separation of various contaminants from water sources . The unique arrangement of hollow fiber membranes enables high flux rates and efficient transport

This study investigates the efficiency of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors with wastewater treatment. Several operational parameters, including membraneconfiguration, influx, and MLSS level, were analyzed to determine their effect on the performance of the bioreactors. Results indicated that PVDF membrane bioreactors demonstrate